The second was the 1933 book Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs written by E. This book was responsible for supplanting the chemical affinity with the term free energy in the English-speaking world. The first was the 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Gibbs’ collection of papers provided the first unified body of thermodynamic theorems from the principles developed by others, such as Clausius and Sadi Carnot.ĭuring the early 20th century, two major publications successfully applied the principles developed by Gibbs to chemical processes and thus established the foundation of the science of chemical thermodynamics.

In these papers, Gibbs showed how the first two laws of thermodynamics could be measured graphically and mathematically to determine both the thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions as well as their tendencies to occur or proceed. Building on the work of Clausius, between the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous one being the paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances. the heat evolved in combustion reactions, could be applied to the principles of thermodynamics. In 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius, in his Mechanical Theory of Heat, suggested that the principles of thermochemistry, e.g. Willard Gibbs - founder of chemical thermodynamics

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